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The procedure of PCR cloning includes DNA preparation, digestion, ligation and transformation. This video shows the first part- insert PCR. Compared to other Taq-generated PCR inserts, Pfu DNA polymerase-generated PCR fragments will have fewer errors and is more commonly used for molecular cloning.

Following PCR, you need to get rid of excess short primers, dNTPs, enzymes, short-failed PCR products and salts. We use a silica-gel-membrane for binding of DNA in high-salt buffer (pH 4.5~5.5) and elution of DNA with low-salt buffer (pH 7.0~9.0) or ddH2O to get clean PCR products for downstream applications.

Mycoplasma is highly infectious and cross-contamination commonly occurs when new cells are introduced into laboratories. We use PCR-based method for detection of Mycoplasma weekly. It is a highly sensitive, specific and rapid method to detect mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures.

The detection of bacteria and fungus should be used as part of a routine and regular quality control screening procedure in cell culture. These contaminations are generally visible to the naked eye and detected by a sudden increase in turbidity and color change of the culture medium as the result of a change in pH.

Theory and endeavors in the physical, biological and anthropological sciences are contrasted in order to discuss validity in the representation of nature. A physical model for the evolution of knowledge is presented that equates the universe with the entity path; the conceptual and physical, memory and path, the immaterial and the material, respectively as the effect of path. The universe, infinite in inexact description only, is structurally reframed employing the orientation of the...

Super-eruptions: Volcanic Activity with a Global Impact; Stephen Self, Volcano Dynamics Group, Department of Earth Science, The Open University, Senior Volcanologist, US NRC - Every now and again, Earth suffers from tremendous explosive volcanic eruptions, much bigger than those witnessed in modern times. Although the return period for such events is long, perhaps every 10-100,000 years depending on the size, it is statistically more likely that Earth will next experience a large...