Background: Obese adolescents are at a greater risk for vitamin D deficiency because the vitamin is thought to be sequestered by excess adipose tissue. Poor vitamin D status has been associated with a higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and/or type 2 diabetes in both adults and adolescents. Objective: To determine in obese adolescents the efficacy and safety of 4000 IU/day of vitamin D3; and if subsequent increased circulating concentrations of 25 hydroxyvitamin D [(25(OH)D] are...

Background: Weight loss (WL) is associated with a decrease in calcium absorption and may be one mechanism that induces bone loss with weight reduction. Objective: Because vitamin D supplementation has been shown to increase true fractional calcium absorption (TFCA), the goal of this study was to examine the effect of vitamin D during WL or weight maintenance (WM). Design: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind 6-wk study was conducted in 82 postmenopausal women [BMI (in kg/...

Background: It is currently unclear whether altering the carbohydrate-to-protein ratio of low-fat, energy-restricted diets augments weight loss and cardiometabolic risk markers. Objective: The objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that compared energy-restricted, isocaloric, high-protein, low-fat (HP) diets with standard-protein, low-fat (SP) diets on weight loss, body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE), satiety and appetite, and...

Background: Acute studies with alginate-based preloads suggested that these strong gelling fibers may induce increased feelings of satiety and reduce energy intakes. However, the long-term efficacy and safety of alginate supplementation on body weight regulation are lacking. Objective: The primary aim of the study was to investigate the effects in subjects of alginate supplementation in conjunction with energy restriction (2300 kcal/d) on loss of body weight and fat and, second, on...