Background: Low vitamin D status may increase mortality risk. OBJECTIVE: We used nonparametric ("highest compared with lowest" categories) and parametric (>2 categories) statistical models to evaluate associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] serum concentrations and mortality in observational studies among general populations. DESIGN: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and reference lists for relevant articles. We included studies that contained data on relative risks (RRs)...

The assessment of iron status where infections are common is complicated by the effects of inflammation on iron indicators and in this study we compared approaches that adjust for this influence. Blood was collected in 680 children (aged 6–35 mo) and indicators of iron status [(hemoglobin (Hb), zinc protoporphyrin (ZP), ferritin, transferrin receptor (TfR), and TfR/ferritin index)] and subclinical inflammation [(the acute phase proteins (APP) C-reactive protein (CRP), and a-1-acid...

Cadmium and high vitamin A intake are both proposed risk factors for low bone mineral density (BMD), but potential interactions have not been studied. Within the Women’s Health in the Lund Area, a population-based study in southern Sweden,wemeasured retinol in serumamong 606womenaged 54–64 y. Data onBMDwere measured byDXAat the distal forearm. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), bone alkaline phosphatase (bALP), and osteocalcin in serum and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) and cadmium in urine were...

"Home Smoking Bans Among U.S. Households with Children and Smokers" Background: Public health campaigns have reduced the exposure of U.S. children to secondhand smoke at home; however, these may not have been equally effective across subgroups. Purpose: To examine prevalence of home smoking bans among U.S. households with both children and smokers, over time and by demographic subgroups. Methods: The Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS) is a nationally...

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevention has generally focused on the identification of risk factors in adulthood. Dairy product consumption in adults has been associated with a lower risk of T2D. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the relation between dairy product consumption during adolescence and risk of T2D in adulthood. Design: We examined the incidence of T2D in relation to high school dairy product consumption within the Nurses’ Health Study II cohort. A total of...

These powerpoint slides describe the background, objective, methods, main results, discussion, and conclusion of the article. Background: Although studies have linked vitamin D deficiency to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), evidence regarding whether vitamin D intake from foods or supplements is prospectively associated with lower CVD risk in healthy humans is limited and inconclusive. Objective: The objective was to comprehensively evaluate the associations between...

Summary measures of cardiovascular risk have long been used in public health, but few include nutritional predictors despite extensive evidence linking diet and heart disease. Study objectives were to develop and validate a novel risk score in a case-control study of myocardial infarction (MI) conducted in Costa Rica during 1994-2004. After restricting the data set to healthy participants (n = 1678), conditional logistic regression analyses modeled associations of lifestyle factors...

Background: New legislation in the U.S. prohibits tobacco companies from labeling cigarette packs with terms such as light, mild, or low after June 2010. However, experience from countries that have removed these descriptors suggests that different terms, colors, or numbers communicating the same messages may replace them. Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to examine how cigarette pack colors are perceived by smokers to correspond to different descriptive terms. Methods:...

Background: Proximity to public open space, such as parks and other green spaces, has considerable health benef?ts, and people have been shown to be more likely to use such space for physical activity if it is of high quality. This paper describes a new remote-assessment approach that makes use of Google Earth Pro (the free version of this program is Google Earth) to provide rapid and inexpensive measurement of the quality of public open space. Purpose: The aim of the study was to...

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